ࡱ> j( CD @ ,www.gnat.com/ 00DTimes New Roman0Wo 0DTahomaew Roman0Wo 0" DArialew Roman0Wo 0"0DWingdingsRoman0Wo 0c0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` XP~M   "$&(*,79;=?ACL  !#%')+-8:<>@BDM ./0123546EFGHIJK 0AA@8g4FdFd0Pppp@  ʚ;ʚ;<4ddddЁ 0<4!d!dЁ 0r0___PPT10 2___PPT9/ 0? %O  =^@The Impact of Free/Open Source Software on Software Engineering URobert B.K. Dewar New York University Ada Core Technologies SIGAda December 9th, 2002VPV, +- A DisclaimerRobert Dewar is President and CEO of Ada Core Technologies A company committed to Free Software Why? Because it is advantageous for our customers. We choose to use Free Software Licenses because we think there are many advantages from a pragmatic point of view.&;;\)Free Software and Open SourceThese terms refer to specific methods of licensing and distributing software. That s all they mean from a precise technical point of view. But they also are associated at least in people s minds, and in some cases in real projects, with development methodologies..What is Free Software?Typically, Free Software is copyrighted software that is distributed with a license for limited use. The only difference compared to Proprietary Software is that the license is far more permissive than a typical proprietary license./More on Free Software<Typical licensing requirements for FS Receiver of software has full useful sources User can make any modifications required In other words can make derived works User owns any modifications they make Software can be used without license keys etc Software can be further distributed But distribution is never required&&&]*More on Free SoftwareAny software distributed in a manner that meets these requirements is considered to be Free Software (adjudicated by FSF) Public Domain BSD license Other similar licenses The GPL (Free Software /= GPL, it s just one of the possible approaches)&zzzz^+The GPL in Particular%The GPL (in the news recently because of the Microsoft attacks) is a particular Free Software License. Meets all the requirements for FS But restricts what you can do with the software in such a way that if the software is further distributed it remains free More on the Microsoft attack later_,What is a Deriviative Work?  The issue here is the creation of a deriviative work This is when you take and modify a copyrighted work, e.g. painting a moustache on the Mona Lisa. Copyright gives author complete control over the creation of deriviatives. You cannot do it unless you have permission.,$  /`-Fair UseYou can do some things that would normally violate copyright For your own use On a small scale Rules are case law not statutory Licenses can prohibit things that might otherwise be fair use DMCA allows restriction of fair use6=Cb=Cba/More on Deriviative Works Virtually all proprietary software, e.g. everything from Microsoft Is protected by copyright, limiting the creation of deriviative works Comes with a license that further restricts the creation of deriviative works, and eliminating possible fair use exceptions&CC,w C 5b.Back to the GPLA key point of Free Software is that not only can you create deriviative works but you can further distribute them But the GPL and other similar licenses allow the creation and redistribution of deriviative works But if you redistribute, the GPL requires that the jointly owned work be GPL ed The GPL never forces you to redistributeNZN>= { P*c0What about the Run-TimeWhen using a compiler, the run-time is typically protected by copyright. Cannot redistribute with a license A proprietary license might charge you The GPL would require you to GPL your code Both possibilities are alarming So this is a real point of concern6lr#lr#d1More on the Run-Time)When using any software, it is vital to check the license agreement carefully! If you need to be able to distribute your program that you have compiled, check that the license is suitable. In the case of GNAT, the GNAT modified GPL (GMGPL) allows free distribution without having to GPL your code.0How is Open Source DifferentOpen Source is a newer concept Uses similar licenses But often not quite as free Modifications may not belong to author Distribution of modifications may be required Reminder: whether using Free, Open, Proprietary software: CHECK THE LICENSE!JQUMQU:e2A Note on Checking the License`The way copyright law works is that YOU are responsible for checking copyrights. Notices in source files or displayed by programs mean nothing legally If someone posts Microsoft sources with GPL notices attached, and you download, you are not protected, you are violating copyright. Copyright is strict liability. It is no defense that you did not know&f3More on Checking Licenses,If you acquire (proprietary or Free Software) from a company, they provide a contractual commitment on the licensing. You may still end up violating copyright, but you have someone to blame. Deal with people you trust If you download stuff free You take full responsibility for checking licenses etc.Lvd8vd81Free Software vs Open Source Free Software emphasizes the freedom given by the license to the user. Free/Open Software are associated with open development environments Open Source emphasizes the quality aspects obtainable from open development. But this is only an association!2Achieving Quality in SoftwareThere are various aspects in both software and the software development process that can help lead to higher quality software. In the following slides we will look at some of these aspects3Careful Specification.At one end of the scale, software is carefully/formally specified before implementation starts At the other end of the scale specification is simply not a recognized step High reliability and secure software definitely benefits from careful specification Because security aspects are often non-obvious*004Careful Software ProcessJAt one end of the scale, software is developed according to a carefully specified process which controls all aspects of the development cycle At the other end, software is simply thrown together without any process Quality software definitely benefits from a careful process Since the process can reveal quality and security risks*885Extensive TestingAt one end of the scale, thorough testing is emphasized Coverage testing, formal models (e.g. MCDC) Following similar protocols to safety-critical At the other end, testing is sporadic and non-systematic. Systematic testing is important for quality Since flaws can be revealedL8[f8[f6General Quality IssuesAdd here whatever quality issues you like Use of formal techniques (correctness proofs) Careful commenting (literate programming) Formal models (e.g. UML, Mascot etc) Use of appropriate tools (e.g. SPARK) Use of annotations (programming by contract) Etc. etc. etc.&**7)Relation to Free Software and Open Source**&None! None of these quality issues have anything to do with either Free Software or Open Source. You can be anywhere on any of these scales with either Free/Open software or fully proprietary software 08The (Incorrect) Image Open Source involves a large group of people hacking away at a piece of software No control No organization No testing Complete Chaos&Q5Q59 The RealityAs with proprietary software, the quality and quality-oriented procedures vary greatly from one product to another. Some argue for very open development with relatively little control (The  Cathedral vs the Bazarre ) discussion. But others remain mostly in the cathedral (The GNAT Pro Ada compiler development is for instance very tightly controlled).&tt,: Looking for Quality SoftwareWhatever criteria are appropriate for the development and production of high quality software should not be compromised. And that goes whether development uses a closed proprietary model or an open source model. 2y[y\g4The Notion of Open DevelopmentFree Software and Open Source allow a model of development which we will call Open Development. Open Development means sources are freely available to the world So that anyone can participate in the development processh5What does Participation Mean?CAt one end, we can have totally uncontrolled development Anyone can change anything at any time At the other end, we simply use this open environment as a source of possible ideas Which may or may not be incorporated, following strict or less strict guidelines Most projects tend to the second rather than the first model. j9Z'ZTZQZ?Z9'TQ?i6How Free Software Can Help?There are really two quite different aspects to this question First, the use of open source development tools can help your software process Second, there is a claim that the open development process helps to guarantee higher quality software.j7Free Software and YOUR processFrom the point of view of a user, FS means three important things Source for all components is available You are not tied to the software supplier You can use the software freely &BrBrk8&Source for All Components is Available''&4Critically, this means that there are no black boxes which you can t look into. Your debugging can roam into any system components as needed if needed You can modify and recompile anything at any time (no problem of being locked into code generated by a particular compiler vsn etc)l9Available Source: An Example0Wes Embry has been converting a large Ada/C++ app from Greenhills to GNAT Binding lead to undefined symbols Mystery, could not figure out where from Recompile loader with debugging, debugged the loader. A bit gruesome, last resort! But possible and practical And revealed a missing extern C in a C++ file&ll7 m;Another Example In GNAT ACT supplies GNAT.Sockets An API for use of sockets The VxWorks version was limited to 32 sockets (not sure why, historical perhaps?) One customer needed more, so simply recompiled this unit And suggested we  fix this, which we will, but was not dependent on ACT., n:You are not Tied to Vendor QNo need for source escrow You have the sources Any one who is capable can support No IPR restrictions on who can do support Look for a counter example at GRACE vs GEAC (Newark District Court) GRACE providing support for GEAC software Ruled to be a copyright violation GRACE is now out of business Customers tied to expensive GEAC support.ZZo<You Can Use the Software FreelyNo license keys Software can be freely moved around Engineers can use software on home machines Copies can be supplied as needed to your customers.;!What About the Quality IssueSo, given this viewpoint, does open source bring anything to the quality/security table? Yes, it definitely does Other things being equal (in terms of quality procedures etc) Open source operates in  No More Secrets mode, since lots of people will look at the sources. We assume some degree of open availability of the sources here.*<"Secrets and LiesIProprietary Software can keep secrets And sometimes fights hard to do so HP earlier this year threatened to use the DMCA to sue someone who exposed a security flaw in HP software. Even without such extreme actions, secrets can remain out of view. Look at the lists of Easter Eggs For example, the Microsoft Excel Flight Simulator:&2&2=#Do Secrets Protect Security?ZSometimes, BUT & In the software world, secrets don t stay secret easily Hackers delight in digging out these secrets If your security depends on no one knowing about particular failings in the software you are using You are not in a very secure state You are particularly vulnerable to inside attacks:22>$1Openness is a better path to Security and Quality22&In Open Source software Many people examine software for security flaws and other errors. No one is relying on protecting secrets Open source development cannot stop people from revealing flaws So the flaws do get revealed And fixed & &?%An Example in Action: GNAT Pro+GNAT Pro is the commercial product of Ada Core Technologies. Certainly not free in $ (minimum cost is $12,500/year with high level support) But uses Free Software License (GPL) Development is very carefully controlled And subject to a rigorous process (see our web site www.gnat.com for description) 0@&GNAT Pro and Open DevelopmentUA version of our source base is openly available as part of the GNU Project. Anyone can look at our sources, and may do look at them very carefully. They point out errors, and sometimes they suggest improvements and fixes We fix the errors if we agree We incorporate the improvements if we agree and they meet our rigorous quality standards.*ZxZxA'Openness in Action: GNAT ProMAs noted previously GNAT sources are publicly available. After these sources were posted A volunteer noticed possible security risks Not in GNAT itself, but in programs built using certain features of GNAT These security flaws were actually reported to CERT so that the public was notified Both users and ACT were immediately alerted*YZZYp=The Microsoft AttackThe Microsoft Viewpoint The GPL is evil and stifles innovation Translation: Microsoft cannot appropriate other people s GPL ed software and incorporate it into their proprietary software. They think this is unfair because open source vendors can take advantage of this&xq>More on The Microsoft Attack It is true that Free Software creators and vendors agree to freely share technology They do so for mutual advantage We have a deal to propose to Microsoft: You can freely use our stuff If we can use your stuff If you agree, welcome to the open source community J<kir?More on The Microsoft AttackMicrosoft has another argument No one can make money on Free Software So Free Software will undermine the viability of large companies making lots of money This might be partially true But so what?s@Software and DollarsRThe world needs good software Software engineers must eat This means that people who create software must be able to make a reasonable living. But the world does not particularly need people to get mega-rich from software. We are doing nicely at ACT. We don t have a corporate jet, but we manage J&*Z(tA4The  Halloween 2 DocumentA recent document claims to be an internal Microsoft document on Open Source strategy. It notes that the attack discussed in the previous slides is not working well What a surprise!uBMore on Halloween 2What Microsoft does say is that the problem with Open source software is the lack of  deep pockets support. Well, it s amazing, but we at least partly agree with this J There is nothing about Free or Open Source software that precludes proper support.$TvCThe Issue of SupportaYou may or may not need proper support for the software you are using A student hacking around does not A company building critical systems does You need to adopt appropriate policies For example, the lawyers for one of our large customers looked at the FS issue and decided that the use of FS was fine IF SUPPORTED. You are in command here, you choose!TFZKZ'ZZFK'B( ConclusionFree Software and Open Source can play a significant role in improving quality of software. 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Dewar   . .2  B.K. Dewar   . .$2 SNew York Universityg     . .$2 RNew York Universityg     . .'2 @Ada Core Technologies   . .'2 ?Ada Core Technologies   . .2 +SIGAda . .2 *SIGAda . ."2 +December 9th, 2002   . ."2 *December 9th, 2002   .--"System 0-&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,     ZOn-screen ShowNew York Universityd2 7Times New RomanTahomaArial Wingdings Curtain CallAThe Impact of Free/Open Source Software on Software Engineering A DisclaimerFree Software and Open SourceWhat is Free Software?More on Free SoftwareMore on Free SoftwareThe GPL in ParticularWhat is a Deriviative Work? Fair UseMore on Deriviative WorksBack to the GPLWhat about the Run-TimeMore on the Run-TimeHow is Open Source DifferentA Note on Checking the LicenseMore on Checking LicensesFree Software vs Open SourceAchieving Quality in SoftwareCareful SpecificationCareful Software ProcessExtensive TestingGeneral Quality Issues*Relation to Free Software and Open SourceThe (Incorrect) Image The RealityLooking for Quality SoftwareThe Notion of Open DevelopmentWhat does Participation Mean?How Free Software Can Help?Free Software and YOUR process'Source for All Components is AvailableAvailable Source: An ExampleAnother ExampleYou are not Tied to Vendor You Can Use the Software FreelyWhat About the Quality IssueSecrets and LiesDo Secrets Protect Security?2Openness is a better path to Security and QualityAn Example in Action: GNAT ProGNAT Pro and Open DevelopmentOpenness in Action: GNAT ProThe Microsoft AttackMore on The Microsoft AttackMore on The Microsoft AttackSoftware and DollarsThe Halloween 2 DocumentMore on Halloween 2The Issue of Support Conclusion  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles2 8@ _PID_HLINKSAdhttp://www.gnat.com/_cFrobyroby  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Current UserSummaryInformation(XMPowerPoint Document(dDocumentSummaryInformation8